September 16th, 2008

Listing Of Types, Causes And Prevention Of Accounting Fraud/Scams or Irregularities








Append below are the articles might assist the readers to enhance his or her knowledge on accounting fraud/scams which is also well known as Creative Accounting.

Articles on Types Of Fraud, How It Can Happens
1.0 Financial Impact Of Fraud
2.0 Window Dressing: Purpose(s) And Ways To Do It
3.0 Fraud: Manipulating Sales & Accounts Receivable

Example of Revenue Swaps & Violation Of Cut Off Period 

4.0 Manipulating Stocks and Cost of goods 
5.0 Understating liabilities expense/Expense Fraud
6.0 Overstating Assets 
7.0 Disclosure fraud-Window Dressing Purpose And Some Of The Ways To Do It 
8.0 What Is Teaming And Lading & How To Prevent it
9.0 Banking Fraud vid Phishing
10.0 Basic Understanding Of Money Laundering
Possible Fraud Prevention Strategies
1.0 Circumstances where risk of fraud can be higher
2.0 Fraud-circumstances-Where risk of fraud can be higher

 

September 16th, 2008

Audit Procedures:Depth Test On Weekly wages (Part2of2)






In earlier article, we have an understanding of what is a depth test or “cradle-to-grave” test and some of its objectives.  Append below is an illustration of a depth test on weekly wages 

Objective Of Depth Test On Weekly Wages

·         To confirm the operation of controls of wages and help to substantiate the wage charge in the profit and loss account.Audit Work/Procedure of Depth Test on Weekly Wages

  1. Select a sample of employees from the payroll. The sample should include at least one employee from each department and should include some new employees taken on during the year. The sample should also cover the various payment methods eg flat-rate, time-work, piece-work
  2. Check new employees against personnel records, checking proper authorization for employment
  3. Verify gross pay against rates of pay in the personnel records and authorities for employment
  4. Verify deductions such as PAYE and insurance to personnel records, tax tables,etc. Check that such deductions are credited to control accounts and have been paid by the company or are accrued at the end of the year
  5. Check that the payroll has been signed by a responsible official as authority for payment
  6. Examine evidence of cheques drawn for wages
  7. Examine any evidence of receipt by the employee such as a signature record
  8. Follow through personnel records of those who have left employment to the wages records
  9. Follow the payroll details through any wages control account to the financial statements.

September 16th, 2008

Depth Test And Its Purpose(s) In Audit (Part 1of2)









Append below is some salient points on Depth Test and its objective(s):- 

Depth Test

  • Sometimes also known as “cradle-to-grave” tests

  • Its involves taking a transaction or a number of transactions and following them through the accounting system from start to finish or vice versa

Purposes/Objectives

  • Generally, depth test is to provide audit evidence to assist the auditor in arriving at his opinion
  • There are also some specific purposes of using depth test:
  • To confirm the accuracy of his client’s accounting system. Also refer to as “walk-through checks” Such a depth test is likely to involve only a small number of transactions

  • To perform compliance test. The auditor may use a number of transactions, testing the control in depth at each stage. Such tests will provide him with evidence as to whether or not he may rely upon that control in planning later audit work

  •  To provide evidence of a substantive nature. He may use such principles to check that transactions have been properly recorded in the accounting records or in the financial statements.

Click here For Next article(Part 2 of 2) on using the audit technique of depth test on weekly wages

September 16th, 2008

Audit Work On Trade Debtors: Bad Debts And Doubtful Debt Provision








The auditor will need to be satisfied that the figure appearing in the balance sheet for trade debtors is all receivable. The auditor will have to be satisfied that an adequate provision had been made for all debts.

1.0  Obtain a detailed age analysis of the year end of debtors and test the analysis for a selection of the balances;2.0  Obtain an analysis of the provision for doubtful debts;

3.0  Scrutinize the analysis and identify those debts which appear doubtful;

4.0  Discuss with management their reasons, if any of these debts are not included in the provision for bad debts;

5.0  Perform further testing where any disputes exists;

6.0  Reach a final conclusion regarding the adequacy of the bad debts provision

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September 16th, 2008

Audit Work On Trade Debtors: Ascertaining Correct Cut-Off Procedures









The auditor will need to be satisfied of correct cut-off. Without a correct cut-of, sales can be overstated hence the need to perform the following cut off tests:

1.0  For the last invoices issued during the year and which have been included in the debtors;

  • the goods have been despatched;
  • the goods are not included in stock

2.0  All good dispatched prior to the year end have been invoiced and included in debtors;

3.0   No goods dispatched after the year end have been invoiced and included in debtors

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